Can I display the user's password in a form field?

No — WordPress doesn’t store passwords in plain text. They’re stored as a one-way hash that can’t be reversed, which is what stops them being leaked if someone gains access to the database. There’s no value to read back into a field.

If your goal is to let a user change their password from a form, take that path instead: add a password field, hook into the form submission, and call wp_set_password() with the submitted value. See How to update a user’s password from a form field for the full pattern.